Flavonoids: Antioxidant Powerhouses in Disease Prevention and Therapy

Flavonoids are the major type of polyphenols present in fruits, grains, green vegetables, bark, roots, stems, flowers, tea and wine. Flavonoids have applications as nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and medicinal agents and they are also used in cosmetics. They exhibit anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic properties. These bioactive compounds scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), suppress oxidative stress that is one of the key pathogenic agents in the development of many long-term disorders, such as cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and cancer. Flavonoids modulate key signaling pathways, such as NF-κB and MAPK and regulate the expression of genes involved in inflammation and apoptosis. In addition, flavonoids can also enhance vascular health, improve endothelial physiology and decrease lipid peroxidation. Recent pharmacological studies have emphasized the bioavailability, mechanisms of action, and the effects of flavonois. Nonetheless, some issues, including poor bioavailability and stability, require an in-depth examination of innovative carriers including nanoparticles and liposomes. This chapter focuses on the central role of flavonoids in both health and disease prevention, and the use of flavonoids in both dietary and therapeutic management.