Polyphenols: Multitargeted Therapeutics in Human Health

Polyphenols (PPs) are a broad class of naturally occurring plant chemicals known for their strong antioxidant capabilities and possible health advantages. There are more than 8,000 secondary metabolites which are found in a wide variety of foods, such as fruits, vegetables, tea, coffee, and spices. They have a crucial role in the defense system of plants. The four primary categories of PPs are phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, and lignans. PPs have excellent ability to affect a number of physiological functions, which may help control obesity, regulate glucose metabolism, and enhance insulin sensitivity. They accomplish this by lowering inflammation, adjusting glucose metabolism, and shielding insulin-secreting cells. Additionally, PPs have neuroprotective properties and may help prevent neurodegenerative illnesses by altering neurotransmitter pathways and lowering inflammation as well as oxidative stress. Despite these encouraging results, polyphenols' poor bioavailability remains a problem. To improve their absorption and effectiveness, future studies should concentrate on creating novel delivery mechanisms. Moreover, extensive and meticulously designed clinical studies are necessary to validate the health benefits of polyphenols, create dietary guidelines, and identify the best dosages.