Healing Chemistry of Pepper: The Therapeutic Promise of Piper Species

Aromatic herbs like Piper species are aromatic herbs and commonly used as spices. The plants of this genus are utilized in pharmacopoeia all over the world and have a variety of biological activities and consumption rates. Globally, Piper species are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of a variety of diseases, including urological issues, liver and skin problems, healing of wounds, stomach issues, fever and inflammation. The Piper genus is associated with anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic, cardiovascular and neuroprotective effects, preparation of tea (decoction), infusions, as well as scented baths. Additionally, various plants of the Piper species are used to flavor meat dishes, snack items, sauces, and savory foods. Rich oil content is a prominent characteristic of the genus Piper, notably in the leaves and fruits. The wealth of essential oils of these plants produces significant anti-inflammatory potential by inhibiting neutrophil chemotaxis and stopping their accumulation at the injury site in the inflammatory process. Additionally, Piper species act as natural antimicrobials and strong antioxidants. In comparison to synthetic antioxidants, the phytoconstituents and essential oils of Piper species exhibited free radical scavenging potential. The leaves of different piper plants are frequently employed in folk medicine to heal toothaches, and the roots are also used to treat gastrointestinal problems and as a diaphoretic for short-term fevers. Based on preclinical in vitro and in vivo research studies, it is believed that the antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial and neuroprotective activities of the extracts and bioactive ingredients derived from Piper species have key impacts in protection against chronic diseases.